Cobertura vacinal e o movimento antivacina: o impacto na saúde pública no Brasil / Vaccination coverage and anti-vaccine movement: the impact on public health in Brazil / Cobertura de vacunación y movimiento antivacuna: el impacto en la salud pública en Brasil

A vacina constitui um dos principais métodos de prevenção contra doenças. Em 1973, o Brasil criou o Programa Nacional de Imunizações a fim de promover a imunização gratuita para a população, o que mais tarde tornou o país em referência mundial em vacinação. No entanto, a recusa vacinal ainda é um grande problema de saúde pública, sendo o movimento antivacina um dos destaques dessa realidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é avaliar como o movimento antivacina impacta na saúde pública no Brasil através da diminuição da cobertura vacinal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de metodologia mista, com uma primeira etapa qualitativa, composta de uma revisão integrativa nas plataformas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, no período de 2010 a 2020, e uma pesquisa documental em portais de movimentos antivacina; e uma segunda etapa quantitativa, em que foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico do tipo ecológico, com consulta nas bases eletrônicas do Datasus e no Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI), no período de 2010 a 2022. No período investigado, apenas em 2015 o Brasil alcançou a meta preconizada de cobertura vacinal, diferentemente dos anos seguintes, que apresentaram oscilações preocupantes. As publicações apresentam argumentos utilizados pelos grupos antivacina, evidenciados entre 2015 e 2019, período em que os dados de cobertura vacinal oscilaram. Assim, conclui-se que a ascensão do movimento antivacina é um dos fatores que influenciaram na queda da vacinação no Brasil, a exemplo do sarampo e da febre amarela.

The vaccine is one of the main methods of preventing diseases. Since 1973, Brazil created the National Immunization Program to ensure free immunization to the population, which later made the country a world reference in vaccination. However, vaccine refusal is still a great public health issue, and the anti-vaccine movement stand out in this reality. Thus, the purpose of this article is to evaluate how the anti-vaccine movement affects public health in Brazil with vaccination coverage reduction. This is a mixed methodology study, with first a qualitative step, composed of an integrative review in the platforms PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO, in the period from 2010 to 2020,and a documental research in portals of anti-vaccination movements; and a second quantitative step, where an epidemiological study of the ecological type was carried out, with consultation in the electronic databases of DATASUS and in the Information System of the National Immunization Program (SI-PNI) in the period of 2010 to 2022. In the investigative period, only in 2015 Brazil managed to reach the recommended vaccination coverage goal, unlike in the following years, which showed worrying fluctuations. The publications summarize arguments used by the anti-vaccination groups, evidenced between 2015 and 2019, a period in which the vaccination coverage data fluctuated. Therefore, it is clear that the rise of the anti-vaccination movement is a factor that influenced the drop in vaccination numbers in Brazil, with yellow fever and measles as examples.

La vacuna es uno de los principales métodos de prevención de enfermedades. En 1973, Brasil creó el Programa Nacional de Inmunización con el fin de promover la inmunización gratuita para la población, lo que luego convirtió al país en un referente mundial en vacunación. Sin embargo, la negativa de la vacuna sigue siendo un problema importante en la salud pública, y el movimiento antivacunas es uno de los aspectos más destacados de esta realidad. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es evaluar cómo el movimiento antivacunas impacta en la salud pública en Brasil mediante la disminución de la cobertura de vacunación. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico mixto, con una primera etapa cualitativa, consistente en una revisión integradora en las plataformas PubMed, Lilacs y SciELO, en el período de 2010 a 2020, y una investigación documental en portales de movimientos antivacunas; y una segunda etapa cuantitativa, en la que se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de tipo ecológico, con consulta en las bases de datos electrónicas de DATASUS y en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización (SI-PNI), en el período de 2010 a 2022. Entre eses años, solo el año 2015 logró alcanzar la meta recomendada, a diferencia de los años siguientes, que mostraron fluctuaciones preocupantes en la cobertura de vacunación. Las publicaciones mostraron los argumentos utilizados por los grupos antivacina, evidenciados entre 2015 y 2019, período en que los datos de cobertura de la vacuna fluctuaron. Así, se concluye que la asunción del movimiento antivacunación es uno de los factores que influye en la caída de la vacunación en Brasil, como en el sarampión y la fiebre amarilla.

Nest refuse of Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) increases the plant vigor in Turnera subulata (Turneraceae) / O substrato de descarte de Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) aumenta o vigor da planta Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)

Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.

Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.

Nest refuse of Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) increases the plant vigor in Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)

Abstract Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.

Resumo Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.

Nest refuse of Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) increases the plant vigor in Turnera subulata (Turneraceae) / O substrato de descarte de Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) aumenta o vigor da planta Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)

Abstract Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.

Resumo Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.

Rotas tecnológicas, desafios e potencial para valoração energética de resíduo sólido urbano por coprocessamento no Brasil / Technological routes, challenges and potential for municipal solid waste energetic valorization by coprocessing in Brazil

RESUMO Mais de dez anos depois da implantação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, por meio da Lei federal n° 12.305/2010, a elaboração e a execução de políticas públicas com resultados positivos na gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos são precárias. O coprocessamento desses produtos em fornos de clínquer pode ser uma alternativa viável para melhorar esse cenário, mas encontra diversas dificuldades de ordem técnica e econômica. Neste trabalho, estimou-se a composição e a gravimetria dos resíduos no Brasil com base em dados secundários, de forma a estimar o poder calorífico inferior resultante de diferentes formas de pré-tratamento desses produtos: triagem de orgânicos, triagem de orgânicos e inertes, secagem para redução da umidade e combinação das três estratégias. Com base nos valores obtidos de poder calorífico, estima-se a capacidade de coprocessamento de resíduos pré-tratados pelas indústrias nacionais que possuem licenciamento ambiental para essa atividade. O tratamento prévio dos resíduos resultou em aumentos entre 20 e 56% em relação ao cenário-base. Observou-se que, para o cenário sem triagem, mas com secagem térmica do resíduo, até 8% dos resíduos com destinação inadequada no Brasil atualmente podem ser recebidos por indústrias de cimento para o coprocessamento, desde que haja viabilidade técnica para sua substituição e transporte.

ABSTRACT More than ten years after the implementation of the Solid Waste Nacional Policy by Brazilian Federal Law nº 12.305/2010, elaboration and execution of public policies with positive results in Municipal Solid Waste management is precarious. Coprocessing of Municipal Solid Waste in cement kilns can be a viable alternative for improving this scenario, but still encounters many technical and economical challenges. In this study, an estimate of the mean gravimetric composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Brazil is presented, based on secondary data, so as to estimate the resultant lower heating value resultant of different Municipal Solid Waste pre-treatment alternatives; separation of the organic fraction, separation of organic and inert fraction, drying of Municipal Solid Waste and all strategies combined. Based on the obtained lower heating value, an estimate of the yearly potential of Municipal Solid Waste coprocessing in industries already licensed for coprocessing of waste in Brazil is presented. Pre-treatment of Municipal Solid Waste resulted in lower heating value improvements ranging from 20 to 56% when compared to the base scenario. It is observed that, in the scenario where the Municipal Solid Waste is dried but not triaged, up to 8% of the Municipal Solid Waste that is currently disposed inappropriately in Brazil could be received by cement industries for coprocessing, as long as there is technical feasibility for the substitution and transportation.

Cuantificación del desperdicio de alimentos en servicios de alimentación de la Universidad de Costa Rica / Quantification of Food Waste in Food Services of the Universidad de Costa Rica

Resumen Antecedentes: los alimentos desperdiciados en ventas al detalle en Latinoamérica (15 %) podrían suplir las necesidades alimenticias del 64 % de quienes sufren hambre en la región. Objetivo: determinar los desperdicios de alimentos en tres servicios de alimentación de la sede Rodrigo Facio de la Universidad de Costa Rica a partir de la guía de medición de la Red Costarricense para Disminuir la Pérdida y el Desperdicio de Alimentos. Materiales y métodos: los desperdicios en los servicios de alimentación N1 y N2 fueron medidos en 2018 y 2019 y en el N3 en 2019; se realizaron 15 mediciones siguiendo la metodología de la guía y se reportaron como porcentaje del total de producción de sólidos. Resultados: los desperdicios en la producción total fueron 15,0-16,6 % en 2018 y 6,4-11,5 % en 2019. No se encontraron diferencias entre los servicios de alimentación en la producción promedio (p=0,1467), en el desperdicio del área de almacenamiento (p=0,1293) ni en la producción de alimentos (p=0,7718). Se encontraron diferencias en el desperdicio entre los servicios de alimentación en el área de servicio: desperdicios en barra (p=0,0197), en plato/ desayuno (p=0,0075) y en plato/almuerzo (p=0,0362). Conclusiones: la cantidad de desperdicios encontrados son menores a los reportados en otros estudios.

Abstract Background: Food wasted in retail in Latinamerica (15%) could supply the nutritional needs of 64% of the hungry in the region. Objective: To determine food waste in three food services of the Rodrigo Facio campus of the Universidad de Costa Rica, using the measurement guide of the Costa Rican Network to reduce food loss and waste. Materials and Methods: Waste in food services N1 and N2 were measured in 2018 and 2019, and in the N3 in 2019. In total 15 measurements were made following the methodology of the guide and they were reported as a percentage of total solids production. Results: Waste in total production was 15.0-16.6% in 2018 and 6.4-11.5% in 2019. No differences were found between food services in average production (p=0.1467), in the waste storage area (p=0.1293), nor food production (p = 0.7718). Differences in waste were found between food services in the service area: Waste in the service bar (p=0.0197), in plate/breakfast (p=0.0075), and in plate/lunch (p=0.0362). Conclusions: The amount of waste found is lower than that reported in other studies.

Evaluation on the confidence of refusing unprotected sex behavior and related factors among college students in Zhejiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the confidence-related factors of refusing unprotected sex behavior among college students in Zhejiang province.@*Methods@#Stratified cluster random sampling method was conducted among college students from 13 colleges and universities in Zhejiang province, from October to November, 2018. A total of 3 718 students who self-reported "ever having had sexual contacts" were enrolled. Chi-square test was used to compare the confidence of rejecting unprotected sex under different demographic characteristics, sexual attitude/behaviors and different intervention approaches. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors.@*Results@#A total of 3 718 college students were involved in this study with average age as (20.17±1.38) years old and 70.5% (2 620/3 718) were male. The proportions of having confidence to refuse unprotected sex behavior were 74.9% (1 963/2 620) of male and 77.9% (896/1 098) of female students, respectively. According to the results from multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors that related to the confidence of refusing unprotected sex behavior in male students would include, did not accept casual sex behavior (compared with accepted students, OR=2.247, 95%CI: 1.828-2.762), did not accept homosexual behavior (compared with accepted students, OR=1.810, 95%CI: 1.302- 2.516), having casual sex behavior in the past one year (compared with having no sex behavior, OR=1.345, 95%CI: 1.051-1.721), aware of the availability of HIV self-test reagents service in college (compared with did not knew, OR=1.381, 95%CI: 1.011-1.887), having taken the HIV infection risk self-assessment in college (compared with did not take, OR=1.707, 95%CI: 1.374-2.121). In female students, the factors would include: being urban resident (compared with rural residence, OR=1.816, 95%CI: 1.225-2.693), 21 years old or above (compared with 20 years old or below, OR=1.469, 95%CI: 1.075-2.007), having taken the HIV infection risk self-assessment in college (compared with did not take, OR=1.597, 95%CI: 1.093-2.333), etc.@*Conclusions@#Both male and female college students had higher confidence in refusing unprotected sex behavior. For male students, refusing casual or homosexual contacts, having casual sex in the recent year, knowing HIV self-test reagents service and having had HIV-related risk self-assessment in college as related factors. However, for female students; city residence, 21 years old and above, and having a HIV infection risk self- assessment in college appeared as related factors. Sexual health education should be strengthened to reduce unprotective sex behavior and to promote HIV infection risk self-assessment among the college students.

Destinação de resíduos de serviços de saúde do subgrupo A4: política baseada em evidência ou em intuição? / Disposal of medical wastes (A4 subgroup): evidence-based or intuitive policy?

RESUMO A destinação dos resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS) representa uma discussão ampla e polêmica, e o momento de revisão da resolução da diretoria colegiada n.º 306/2004, da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), é oportuno para ampliar esse debate. Nesse contexto, este artigo buscou, por meio da revisão de publicações científicas, subsidiar escolhas que favoreçam a sustentabilidade ambiental e a proteção da saúde humana na destinação dos RSS. Foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica, em âmbitos nacional e internacional, e a revisão de instrumentos legais que regulam a destinação dos RSS no Brasil. As resoluções da ANVISA (n.º 306/2004) e do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (n.º 358/2005) mostram que a disposição final dos RSS do subgrupo A4 pode ser feita em local licenciado para receber RSS, sem tratamento prévio. Diversas publicações científicas apontam para a falta de evidências quanto à existência de riscos aumentados para o ambiente e à saúde humana dos RSS se comparados aos resíduos sólidos domiciliares e explicam que ambos poderiam ter destinação final com base nos mesmos requisitos. A segregação dos RSS de acordo com os riscos reais de cada grupo e no momento da geração, assim como o acondicionamento como barreira de proteção, é o procedimento mais seguro de gerenciamento de risco contra contaminações e acidentes, sobrepondo-se aos requisitos para a destinação final. A exigência de tratar previamente os resíduos do subgrupo A4 antes de serem aterrados, conforme defendem alguns, poderia resultar em desnecessária elevação dos custos do processo sem evidência de redução dos riscos envolvidos.

ABSTRACT The disposal of healthcare waste (HCW) is a controversial and wide discussion, and the review of the Collegiate Directorate Resolution no. 306/2004, from the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA), a Brazilian regulation, is appropriate to increase this debate. In this context, through the review of scientific publications, this paper supports choices that promote environmental sustainability and the protection of human health during the HCW disposal process. A bibliographical research including national and international levels and a review of legal instruments about HCW management in Brazil were done. The rules of ANVISA (no. 306/2004) and National Environment Council (no. 358/2005) point out that the final disposal of HCW, specially the subgroup A4, could be done in certified place to disposal HCW, without prior treatment. Several scientific papers mention the lack of evidences about increased risks of some kinds of HCW when compared to domestic waste, and these wastes may have final disposal based on the same criteria. Segregation of the HCW according to the real risks of each group at the moment of the generation of waste, as well as the packaging as a protective barrier, configures a safer risk management procedures against contamination and accidents. The requirement to treat the A4 subgroup before landfill disposal, as argue by some researchers, could represent an increase of unnecessary economical costs without evidences of risk reduction.

Contribución de Pheidole fallax y Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la dispersión y germinación de semillas en áreas rehabilitadas de la mina de carbón del Cerrejón, Colombia / Contribution of Pheidole fallax and Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to the dispersion and germination of seeds in rehabilitated areas of the Cerrejón coal mine, Colombia

ResumenLa dispersión de semillas es un proceso clave en el restablecimiento de la vegetación en áreas rehabilitadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la contribución de las hormigas Ectatomma ruidum y Pheidole fallax en la dispersión y germinación de semillas en áreas rehabilitadas en la mina de carbón del Cerrejón, Colombia. En cada área se instalaron cuatro parcelas de 6 x 40 m, donde se contó el número de nidos por especie y se midió la distancia entre los nidos más próximo de cada especie. De los nidos contabilizados cinco nidos fueron seleccionados para la extracción de semillas, por cada nido extraído se tomó un control. Un total de 295 nidos fueron contabilizados, 59 para la época seca y 236 para la época de lluvia, 84 pertenecían a P. fallax y 211 a E. ruidum. Un total de 21 304 semillas fueron encontradas en los nidos y suelos control, 19 349 fueron obtenidas de los nidos y basureros de P. fallax y 318 en nidos de E. ruidum, en el suelo control se hallaron 597 semillas. El número de semillas extraídas en los nidos fue significativamente mayor a la de los controles. El número de semillas removidas por P. fallax presentó diferencias significativas respecto a las removidas por E. ruidum. El porcentaje de germinación en los nidos fue mayor que en los controles, en el caso de P. fallax, el porcentaje de germinación fue bajo en los controles y alto tanto en los basureros como los nidos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que E. ruidum y P. fallax podrían contribuir a la dispersión de las semillas y al restablecimiento de la vegetación en las áreas donde se encuentran, lo cual es un aporte significativo para la rehabilitación de las áreas degradas por la minería.

AbstractSeed dispersal is a key process in the re-establishment of vegetation on reclaimed lands. The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the ant species Ectatomma ruidum and Pheidole fallax to seed dispersal and germination on reclaimed lands in the Cerrejón coal mine, Colombia. Four 6 x 40 m plots were installed in each area, in which the number of nests by species was counted and distances between closest nests of each species were measured. Five of the nests counted were chosen for seed extraction, and a nearby control sample was taken from each nest. In total, 295 nests were counted: 59 nests during the dry season and 236 nests during the rainy season, of which 84 belonged to P. fallax and 211 belonged to E. ruidum. A total of 21 304 seeds were found in nests and control samples, of which 19 349 were obtained from P. fallax nest refuse, and 318 were obtained from E. ruidum nests; 597 seeds were found in control samples. The number of seeds extracted from nests was significantly higher than the number of seeds removed from control samples. There was a significant difference between the number of seeds removed by P. fallax and the number of seeds removed by E. ruidum. The seed germination percentage from nests was higher than the percentage from seeds in control samples. In the case of P. fallax, the germination percentage was lower in control samples and higher in nests and refuse. The results suggest that the ant species E. ruidum and P. fallax may contribute to seed dispersal and re-establishment of vegetation in areas where they were found. These ants may thus significantly contribute to restoration processes in areas degraded by mining.

Orientações sobre o descarte de resíduos gerados em domicílios de usuários de insulina / Directrices para la eliminción de residues generados en los hogares de los usuarios de insulina / Orientations about disposal of waste generated in residences by insulin users

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os tipos de orientação recebidas por usuários de insulina quanto ao descarte de resíduos gerados pelo uso desse medicamento e monitoramento glicêmico em seus domicílios. Esta pesquisa, de caráter descritivo exploratório, foi realizada em um Núcleo de Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto(SP), Brasil. Participaram do estudo 26 usuários de insulina, os dados foram coletados durante o mês de julho de 2010 e, posteriormente, foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. Verificou-se que 61,5% (16) dos entrevistados recebeu orientação sobre o descarte dos resíduos gerados. Desses sujeitos, 62,6% (10) foram orientados a descartar as seringas e agulhas em recipientes plásticos e encaminhá-los para o serviço de saúde que frequentam. Quanto ao descarte das fitas reagentes e frascos de insulina, respectivamente, 56,2% (9) e 75,2% (12) participantes afirmaram não ter recebido nenhum tipo de orientação. No que se refere à origem das orientações, 12,6% (6) dos participantes foram orientados por funcionários da farmácia pública. Considera-se, com este estudo, a importância da implantação de um protocolo sobre o manejo de resíduos do serviço de saúde em domicílio para direcionar as ações e orientações aos usuários de insulina.

The aim of this study was to identify the type of guidance received by insulin users regarding the disposal of waste generated by the use of that substance and glucose monitoring at their homes. This research employed the descriptive and exploratory methodologies. The research was conducted in a Family Health Center of Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo. It included 26 insulin users. Data was collected during the month of July, in 2010, and were subsequently analyzed through a descriptive statistics method. We found out that 61.5% (16) of the respondents received some type of guidance on how to dispose the waste generated. Out of this population, 62.6% (10) were instructed to dispose syringes and needles in plastic containers and send them to the health center that they are used to attend. For the disposal of reagent strips and insulin vials, respectively 56.2% (9) and 75.2% (12) of the participants said that they had not received any guidance. Regarding the source of the guidelines, 12.6% (6) of the participants were instructed by officials of the public drugstore. We took into account, in this study, the importance of the implementation of a protocol on how to properly handle medical waste at home, in order to direct the actions and guidelines for insulin users.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los tipos de orientación recibida por los usuarios de insulina sobre la eliminación de residuos generados por el uso de eses fármacos y de la vigilancia a la insulina y la glucosa en sus hogares. Esta investigación, estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, se llevó a cabo en un Centro de Salud Familiar de Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil. En el estudio participaron 26 usuarios de insulina, se recogieron datos durante el mes de julio de 2010, y se analizaron posteriormente por estadística descriptiva. Se verificó que el 61,5% (16) de los encuestados han recibido algún tipo de orientación sobre la eliminación de residuos generados. De ellos, el 62,6% (10) fueron instruidos para desechar las jeringas y agujas en envases de plástico y remitirlos a los servicios de salud que les asisten. Para la eliminación de las tiras reactivas y los frascos de insulina, respectivamente, el 56,2% (9) y el 75,2% (12) de los participantes dijeron que no habían recibido ningún tipo de orientación. En cuanto al origen de las directrices, el 12,6% (6) de participantes dijeron funcionarios de droguería abierta al público. Se considera, con este estudio, la importancia de la aplicación de un protocolo sobre el manejo de residuos de los servicios de salud en domicilio para dirigir las acciones y directrices para los usuarios de insulina.

Why Japanese frail elderly men refuse social network? : a qualitative study / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

<b>Introduction</b> : Japanese elderly men tend to refuse social network even if they need to use them. The objective is to explore Japanese elderly men's perceptions of social network including daycare services.<br><b>Methods</b> : Qualitative studies using focused group and semi-structured interviews for elderly men more than seventy-five years old who live in Nagi-cho, Okayama, Japan were conducted.. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data analysis was done with modified grounded theory approach.<br><b>Results</b> : Three categories were made as internal factors (role seeking, adapt aging), relationship factor (female attendance, staff communication), and external factor (transportation, economy).<br><b>Conclusion</b> : By conducting intervention focusing on causes of relationships and external factors inclusive of day care services , it may be possible to improve social involvement of elderly men. 10 proposals were made to government.

Percepción del riesgo por emisiones atmosféricas provenientes de la disposición final de residuos sólidos / Perception of risk arising from atmospheric emissions from an open solid-waste disposal site

Objetivo Identificar los factores sociales que determinan la percepción del riesgo en la población que se encuentra expuesta a las emisiones atmosféricas de un sitio de disposición final de residuos sólidos de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali en Colombia denominado Basuro de Navarro (BN). Materiales y Métodos Estudio cuantitativo con aplicación de una encuesta a una muestra estratificada de 199 personas con asignación proporcional según nivel socio-económico. Resultados Para el 73 % de los encuestados el principal problema es la inseguridad, y para el 50 % es la contaminación del aire. Para los encuestados la contaminación se manifiesta con dolor en la garganta y ardor en los ojos. El 64 % con mayor tiempo de residencia en el sector considera que la contaminación está concentrada en otros sitios de la ciudad y se encuentra por fuera de su sector. El 83,4 % considera que el BN produce contaminación y la asocia al aire en un 42 %. El 48 % calificó como grave y el 29 % como muy grave la contaminación producida por el BN. Discusión Se asocia la percepción del riesgo al tiempo de residencia en el sector y la edad de las personas. Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar programas de divulgación. Sería importante que la comunidad estuviera más informada acerca de los riesgos y medidas de mitigación de la contaminación ambiental asociada al BN.

Objective Identifying social factors determining the perception of risk in a population exposed to atmospheric emissions from a solid waste final disposal site in the city of Cali, Colombia (Basurero de Navarro - BN). Methods This was a quantitative study; a stratified sample of 199 people were surveyed, distributed according to socio-economic level. Results The main problem for 73% of the respondents was insecurity and 50% considered this to be air pollution. Respondents described pollution manifesting itself as pain in the throat and burning eyes; 64% who had lived longer in the sector believed that pollution was more concentrated in other parts of the city and did not affect their sector. 83.4% believed that the BN produced pollution and associated it with the air (42%). 48% rated the pollution caused by the BN as being severe and 29% as being very serious. Discussion Risk perception was associated with the length of residence in the sector and individuals' age. Many gaps in information and the need to implement outreach programmes were highlighted. It is important that the community become better informed about the risks of pollution caused by the BN and what mitigation measures can be taken.

Percepción del impacto del vertedero final de basuras en la salud y en el ambiente físico y social en Cali / Impact perception on health, social and physical environments of the municipal solid waste disposal site in Cali

Objetivo Describir el impacto auto-percibido en la salud y en el ambiente físico y social entre la población residente aledaña al vertedero de Navarro, el cual recibe los desechos de la ciudad de Cali. Metodología Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo, entre febrero-noviembre de 2006, para explorar las vivencias de los residentes de las zonas aledañas al vertedero de basuras de Navarro. Participaron 16 personas con posición de liderazgo en sus comunidades. Se llevaron a cabo 7 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas y un grupo focal con 9 participantes. Se realizó un análisis temático, con el apoyo de redes temáticas, para identificar patrones recurrentes relacionados con la experiencia de vivir cerca del lugar de disposición final de basuras de Cali. Resultados Los participantes en el estudio perciben que los malos olores provenientes del vertedero de Navarro ocasionan principalmente enfermedades respiratorias. Además, se ha creado un estigma de lugar debido a los malos olores, las moscas y a la visibilidad de las basuras. Conclusión No sólo se auto-perciben los efectos del vertedero de basuras de Navarro en la salud física; sino, además, que debido al estigma de lugar se afecta el ambiente físico y social de la población que vive en la zona aledaña al vertedero.

Objective Describing the self-perceived impact on health of people living near to a solid waste disposal site in Cali and on their physical and social environments. Methods In addition to a cohort study, qualitative research was carried out to explore experiences amongst 16 residents in leadership positions in their communities. Seven semi-structured interviews and one focus group were conducted. Thematic analysis was developed using thematic networks to identify recurrent patterns related to theexperience of living in proximity to the solid waste disposal dump. Results Participants perceived respiratory health problems as mainly arising from the sickening odours emanating form the Navarro dump. The area has also developed a bad reputation (“stigma”) because of the exasperating odours, flies and the close view of waste disposal. Conclusions Participants perceived the Navarro dump had a negative impact on their physical health and also that its bad reputation in the neighbourhood had effects on the social and physical environment of people living close to the solid waste disposal dump.

Teores de micronutrientes nas folhas de milho fertilizadas com lodo de curtume / Contents of micronutrients in the leaves of corn fertilized with tanning mud

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida em vasos em casa de vegetação na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA-Arroz e Feijão, no município de Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, nas coordenadas 16 graus 27' de latitude S e 49 graus e 17' de longitude W Gr., e 823 m de altitude. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo estes: testemunha, doses de 113,1 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (36 m3.ha-1)-Lodo36; 226,2 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (72 m3.ha-1)-Lodo72; 452,4 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (144 m3.ha-1)-Lodo144; 904,8 ml. vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (288 m3.ha-1)-Lodo288; 1,256 g.vaso-1 do formulado (NPK) 04-30-16 + Zn (400 kg.ha-1)-Químico, e 1,256 g.vaso-1 de (NPK) 04-30-16 + Zn (400 kg.ha-1) + 452,4 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (144 m3.ha-1)-Lodo 144 + Qu?mico. As análises químicas do solo (substrato) foram realizadas nas camadas de 0-20 cm e de 20-40 cm. Foi quantificada a fitomassa verde da parte aérea, e os teores de cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. Nas folhas das plantas de milho, o cobre, em todos os tratamentos com lodo de curtume e com adubação química, manteve seus teores próximos dos teores da testemunha. O teor de ferro do tratamento Químico foi maior e significativamente diferente dos teores dos demais tratamentos. O comportamento do manganês, nos diferentes tratamentos, não seguiu um padrão definido, tendo sido constatado maior teor deste elemento no tratamento Lodo72, que diferiu estatisticamente dos demais. Com relação ao elemento zinco, o maior teor encontrado nas folhas foi no tratamento Lodo144 + Químico, que diferiu estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos analisados. Nos tratamentos onde foi aplicadosomente o lodo de curtume, a produção de fitomassa verde das plantas de milho tendeu a ser crescente com as doses do lodo. A adubação química associada ao lodo de curtume (Lodo144 + Químico) proporcionou a maior produção de fitomassa verde de plantas de milho.

This investigation aimed to study the accumulation of micronutrients in the leaves of corn plants fertilized with tanning mud. Therefor an experiment in pot culture was conducted in a greenhouse of the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa-Arroz e Feijão) located at 16 graus e 27' latitude S, 49 graus e 17' longitude W Gr. And 823 m above sea level, in the county of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. The experimental design was completely randomized in four replications and the following treatments: Control, tanning mud at 113.1 ml pot-1 (36 m3 ha-1) = Mud-36; tanning mud at 226.2 ml pot-1 (72 m3 ha-1) = Mud-72; tanning mud at 452.4 ml pot-1 (144 m3 ha-1) = Mud-144; tanning mud at 904.8 ml pot-1 (288 m3 ha-1) = Mud-288; mineral fertilizer at 1.256 g pot-1 of NPK 04-30-16 plus Zn (400 kg ha-1) = Chemical; and Mud- 144 plus Chemical. The chemical soil analysis was accomplished in two layers, 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Further were analyzes the contents of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the green matter. There was no significant difference in copper content among treatments. The treatment Chemical showed significantly higher content in iron than all others. Mud-72 was significantly superior to all other treatments in manganese content. The highest content of zinc was found in treatment Mud-144 plus Chemical, superior to all others. The yield of green matter tended to grow with increasing levels of tanning mud but the highest yield was found in treatment Mud-144 plus Chemical.

Management of Medical Refuse Is Important to Control Hospital Infection / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To strengthen the management of medical refuse in order to control the onset of hospital(infection.) METHODS It has been done including setting up special tissue,formulating supervising system,strengthening training,carrying out supervising measures and strengthening examination and inspection.(RESULTS) It could prevent hospital infection effectively to regulate the whole course of the medical refuses(collection,) storage,dealing with and registration.CONCLUSIONS It is very important to strengthen the management of medical refuse in order to prevent hospital infection.

Bottom Clearance Effect in Fuling Section of Three Gorges Reservoir / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To analyze and evaluate the related data of bottom clearance in Fuling section of Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Bottom clearance in Fuling section of Three Gorges Reservoir was carried out in Fuling district during the period from May to December in 2002. All the data related to clearance were collected before and after the bottom clearance. Based on the collected data, the effect of clearance was assessed. Results 5 882 general pollution sources, 68 contagion pollution sources were cleaned in Fuling district, the clearance rates of both were 100%. The rat densities in agriculture areas and the dismantling cities were 3.97% and 2.97% respectively before rat extinguishment, then became 0.65% and 0.33% after rat extinguishment. Conclusion Through the bottom clearance of Three Gorges Reservoir, contagion and general pollution sources in the emigrant areas have been cleaned up, so water pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir and the rats mediated diseases have been prevented and controlled.